How to Use Than and Then

Many times people misuse the words “than” and “then.” Whether it’s because the words are pronounced similarly in some areas or because people simply don’t know the difference between them, it is important to know in which situations to choose each word. Follow this guide, and then you’ll be using these words better than anyone you know!

Independent vs. Dependent Clauses

Understanding the difference between independent and dependent clauses is important in understanding how to construct sentences and avoid fragments.  This knowledge can also help in varying sentence length in writing, which makes all forms of writing better (More on sentence length)

Before understanding the different types of clauses, it is important to understand what a clause is.  A clause is a group of related words that contains both a subject and a verb.  On the other hand, if a group of related words does not contain a subject with an attached verb, it is simply a phrase.

An independent clause is a group of words that can stand on its own as a sentence: it has a subject, a verb, and is a complete thought.

Examples:

  • He ran. (Notice that while this sentence only contains two words, it is still a complete sentence because it contains a one word subject and a one word verb that is also a complete thought.)
  • He ran fast.
  • I was late to work.
  • The paper does not specify which type of format it must be in. 
  • The instructor spent the class period reviewing the difference between independent and dependent clauses.

dependent clause is a group of words that also contains a subject and a verb, but it is not a complete thought.  Because it is not a complete thought, a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentence; it is dependent on being attached to an independent clause to form a sentence.

Examples:

  • Because I woke up late this morning… (what happened?)
  • When we arrived in class… (what occurred?)
  • If my neighbor does not pay his rent on time… (what will happen?)

Dependent clauses can often be identified by words called dependent markers, which are usually subordinating conjunctions.  If a clause begins with one of these words, it is dependent and needs to be attached to an independent clause. (Common dependent markers:  after, as, although, because, before, even though, if, once, rather than, since, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, while, among others.)

Note:  Just because an independent clause can stand on its own doesn’t mean it has to.  For instance, one or more independent clauses can be added together to form a compound sentence, and independent clauses can be added to dependent clauses to form complex sentences.

[SOURCE]

WHICH OR WHAT

WHICH

You have a limited choice of things.

Which lemonade do you like – green or pink?

WHAT

You have an unlimited choice of things.

What lemonade do you like?

** With nouns that refer to people, sometimes which is used – even if there is

an unlimited choice. E.g. Which Andy are you referring to?

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

EMBEDDING QUOTES

It is essential that you begin to embed your quotes in your writing rather than lumping them at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Embedding quotes creates a sophistication and fluency in your writing and is something you should start practicing now in preparation for Year 12.

This is what embedding a quote looks like:

Shakespeare suggests that the supernatural is an evil force not to meddled with. Banquo recognises this when he refers to the Witches as ‘instruments of darkness’. This implies that the Witches embody darkness and are completely wicked. Furthermore, Shakespeare is suggesting that like music, the Witches’ evil nature will echo throughout Shakespeare’s tragedy.

This is what we don’t want:

Lump it in:


Shakespeare suggests that the supernatural is an evil force not to meddled with.‘Instruments of darkness’. This suggests that the Witches represent evil.

or

Repeating words:

Shakespeare suggests that the witches are agents of darkness by referring to them as ‘Instruments of darkness.’

THE BEAUTY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

We’ll begin with a box, and the plural is boxes,

But the plural of ox becomes oxen, not oxes.
One fowl is a goose, but two are called geese,
Yet the plural of moose should never be meese.
You may find a lone mouse or a nest full of mice,
Yet the plural of house is houses, not hice.

If the plural of man is always called men,
Then shouldn’t the plural of pan be called pen?
If I speak of my foot and show you my feet,
And I give you a boot, would a pair be called beet?
If one is a tooth and a whole set are teeth,
Why shouldn’t the plural of booth be called beeth?

Then one may be that, and three would be those,
Yet hat in the plural would never be hose,
And the plural of cat is cats, not cose.
We speak of a brother and also of brethren,
But though we say mother, we never say methren.
Then the masculine pronouns are he, his and him,
But imagine the feminine: she, shis and shim!

Let’s face it – English is a crazy language.
There is no egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple.
English muffins weren’t invented in England ..We take English for granted, but if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square, and a
guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig.

And why is it that writers write but fingers don’t fing,grocers don’t groce and hammers don’t ham? Doesn’t it seem crazy that you can make amends but not one amend. If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what do you call it?

If teachers taught, why didn’t preachers praught? If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Sometimes I think all the folks who grew up speaking English could be running the danger of being called verbally insane.

In what other language do people recite at a play and play at a recital?
We ship by truck but send cargo by ship.
We have noses that run and feet that smell.
We park in a driveway and drive in a parkway.
And how can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy are opposites?

You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out, and in which an alarm goes off by going on.

And, in closing, if Father is Pop, how come Mother’s not Mop?

I WOULD LIKE TO ADD THAT IF PEOPLE FROM POLAND ARE CALLED POLES THEN PEOPLE FROM HOLLAND SHOULD BE HOLES AND THE GERMANS GERMS!!!

THE MEANING OF THE WORD ‘UP’

Lovers of the English language will enjoy this…
It is an example of why people learning English have so much trouble.  Learning the nuances of English makes it a difficult language.
……
This two-letter word in English has more meanings than any other two-letter word, and that word is

‘UP.’

It is listed in the dictionary as an [adv], [prep], [adj], [n] or [v].

It’s easy to understand UP, meaning toward the sky or at the top of the list, but when we awaken in the morning, why do we wake UP?

At a meeting, why does a topic come UP? Why do we speak UP, and why are the officers UP for election.Why is it UP to the secretary to write UPa report? We call UP our friends, brighten UP a room, polish UP the silver, warm UP the leftovers and clean UP the kitchen. We lock UP the house and fix UP the old car. At other times this little word has real special meaning. People stir UP trouble, line UP for tickets, work UP an appetite, and think UPexcuses….
To be dressed is one thing, but to be dressed
UP is special!
And this
UP is confusing:  A drain must be opened UP because it is stoppedUP. We open UP a store in the morning but we close it UP at night. We seem to be pretty mixed UP about the word UP !

To be knowledgeable about the proper uses of UP, look UP the word UP in the dictionary..

In a desk-sized dictionary, it takes
UP almost 1/4 of the page and can addUP to about thirty definitions

If you are UP to it, you might try building UP a list of the many ways UP is used. It will take UP a lot of your time, but if you don’t give UP, you may wind UP with a hundred or more.

When it threatens to rain, we say it is clouding UP. When the sun comes out we say it is clearing UP. When it rains, the earth soaks it UP. When it does not rain for awhile, things dry UP. One could go on & on, but I’ll wrap this UP for now because my time is UP!

Oh…

one more thing:
What is the first thing you do in the morning & the last thing you do at night?

U
P !

Don’t mess UP. Send this on to everyone you look UP in your address book… It’s UP to you!

Now I think I’ll shut UP. Whew!!!